Part 8 Claims Procedure: How to Start a TOLATA Case in Court

TOLATA claims may be issued under Part 8 where there is no substantial dispute of fact; disputed beneficial-interest claims usually proceed under Part 7. Unlike the standard Part 7 claim procedure (with Particulars of Claim, Defence, and Disclosure), Part 8 of the Civil Procedure Rules is a streamlined process designed for cases where there is no substantial factual dispute. This article walks you through the entire process from issuing the claim to the final hearing.

Why Part 8?

The Rationale

Part 8 of the Civil Procedure Rules is designed for claims where:

• There is no substantial dispute of fact, or
• A rule or practice direction requires or permits the use of Part 8

Part 8 suits TOLATA claims where the facts are not substantially disputed (CPR 8.1(2)), e.g. a sale application where shares are fixed by an express declaration; disputed beneficial-interest claims usually need Part 7.

"A claimant may, unless any enactment, rule or practice direction states otherwise, use the Part 8 procedure where they seek the court's decision on a question which is unlikely to involve a substantial dispute of fact." — CPR r.8.1(2)

Key Advantages

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When Part 8 Is Appropriate vs Part 7

The Critical Question

The choice between Part 8 and Part 7 depends on whether there is likely to be a "substantial dispute of fact." If the parties agree on what happened but disagree on the legal consequences, Part 8 is appropriate. If the parties disagree fundamentally about the facts—who said what, who paid what, what was intended—the claim may need to be brought under Part 7 or transferred to Part 7 during proceedings.

Comparison

Transfer Between Procedures

If a Part 8 claim reveals a substantial dispute of fact, the court may order the claim to continue as if it had been brought under Part 7 (CPR r.8.1(4)). This means:

• Particulars of Claim and Defence will need to be filed
• Standard disclosure may be ordered
• The case will take longer and cost more

Conversely, a Part 7 claim that reveals no substantial factual dispute may be suitable for determination on written evidence alone.

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Step-by-Step: Issuing a Part 8 Claim

Step 1: Form N208 (Part 8 Claim Form)

The Part 8 claim is issued on Form N208, available from HMCTS Form Finder.

Drafting the Claim

The claim form itself should identify:

1. The property — full address and Land Registry title number
2. The nature of the trust — express, resulting, or constructive
3. The relief sought — what orders you are asking the court to make
4. Brief summary of the basis — why you claim a beneficial interest

Example relief sought:

Step 2: Witness Statement

Under Part 8, the claimant's evidence is filed with the claim form in the form of a witness statement. This is your primary opportunity to set out your case.

Step 3: Evidence of Ownership and Contributions

You should exhibit the following to your witness statement:

Step 4: Court Fees

Court fees are subject to change. Check the current HMCTS fee schedule before issuing your claim.

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The Witness Statement

The witness statement filed with a Part 8 claim is the most important document in the proceedings. Unlike Part 7 claims, where evidence is tested through disclosure and cross-examination over a longer period, Part 8 claims rely heavily on the initial witness statements.

Structure

Formality Requirements

Your witness statement must follow Practice Direction 32:

• Be headed with the title of the proceedings
• State the full name and address of the maker
• State the maker's occupation or description
• Be in the first person
• State which matters are within the maker's personal knowledge and which are based on information and belief (identifying the source)
• Be dated and contain a statement of truth
• Exhibits must be properly identified and paginated

Common Pitfalls

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Responding to a Part 8 Claim

Acknowledgment of Service

The defendant must file an acknowledgment of service within 14 days of service of the claim form (CPR r.8.3). The acknowledgment must state:

• Whether the defendant contests the claim
• Whether the defendant seeks a different remedy

Filing Evidence in Opposition

The defendant must file and serve any witness statement evidence with the acknowledgment of service (CPR r.8.5(3)); the parties may agree in writing up to 14 more days, filed with the acknowledgment (r.8.5(9)–(10)); otherwise apply to the court (r.8.5(8)). The claimant then has 14 days to file evidence in reply (r.8.5(5)).

Failure to Acknowledge

If the defendant fails to file an acknowledgment of service, they may attend the hearing but may not take part in it unless the court gives permission (CPR r.8.4).

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Court Hearing Procedure

Directions

After the defendant files an acknowledgment of service and evidence, the court will typically list the matter for a directions hearing or give written directions. Common directions include:

The Final Hearing

What to Expect

Part 8 hearings are typically shorter than Part 7 trials. A straightforward TOLATA claim may be heard in half a day to one day. More complex cases—particularly where the claim has been transferred to the Part 7 procedure—may take longer.

The judge will have read the bundle in advance and will expect the advocates (or litigants in person) to focus on the disputed issues rather than rehearsing the entire case.

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HM Land Registry Practice Guide 24 (1 June 2026 Update)

HM Land Registry Practice Guide 24 deals with private trusts of land and was updated on 1 June 2026. Key points relevant to TOLATA proceedings include:

Registration of Beneficial Interests

Why This Matters

If you have or claim a beneficial interest in registered land, you should consider registering a restriction on the title. This helps to stop the registered owner dealing with the property in a way that defeats your interest.

A restriction does not determine the merits of your claim. A Form A restriction stops a disposition by a sole registered proprietor under which capital money arises from being registered unless authorised by a court order (Land Registration Rules 2003 Sch 4; HMLR PG24 para 2.1.1). It does not by itself notify you of a dealing; PG24 refers to Practice Guide 19 for when a Form II restriction (notice to a named person) may be appropriate. This is particularly important if you are not in occupation of the property, as an overriding interest based on actual occupation requires you to be in actual occupation at the time of any disposition.

A person claiming a beneficial interest under a trust of land should consider applying for a restriction to protect that interest, particularly where the interest is not protected as an overriding interest.

Cost of Land Registry Applications

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Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and the October 2024 Rule Changes

The New Landscape

Since 1 October 2024 the court has an express power to order the parties to engage in ADR (CPR 3.1(2)(o), inserted by SI 2024/839 after Churchill v Merthyr Tydfil CBC [2023] EWCA Civ 1416 at [50]). Failing to comply with an ADR order, or unreasonably failing to engage in ADR, is conduct the court considers on costs (CPR 44.2(5)(e)). There is no MIAM requirement for TOLATA claims. For TOLATA claims, this means:

1. Pre-action conduct: You should write a letter before action setting out your claim and inviting the other party to negotiate or mediate
2. The court may order ADR at any stage (CPR 3.1(2)(o))
3. Costs consequences: unreasonably failing to engage in ADR, or ignoring an invitation to ADR, can lead to adverse costs orders (CPR 44.2(5)(e); PD Pre-Action Conduct para 11)

Cost Sanctions

Practical Impact

The Practice Direction on Pre-Action Conduct expects the parties to consider negotiation or ADR before issuing any claim (para 8). You should:

• Write a detailed letter before action, including an offer to mediate
• Allow reasonable time for a response (14 days in a straightforward case, no more than 3 months in a very complex one (PD Pre-Action Conduct para 6(b)))
• If the other party refuses to mediate, keep evidence of your offer and their refusal
• If mediation is attempted but fails, keep evidence of your participation

The Law Commission's 2007 cohabitation reform recommendations would have created a simpler process for eligible cohabitants, avoiding the need for trust law analysis entirely. Those recommendations remain unimplemented. The Ministry of Justice consulted on reform ('A fairer end to relationships', 5 June – 14 August 2026); the outcome is awaited and the law has not changed.

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Preparing Your TOLATA Court Bundle

CPR Compliance

Your court bundle should follow CPR rule 39.5 and Practice Direction 32 para 27 and the court's specific directions. For a Part 8 TOLATA claim:

Recommended Bundle Structure

Document Organisation

Common Bundle Errors

Litigation costs context: Legal costs vary widely with complexity; ask any solicitor or barrister for a written estimate. A well-organised bundle can reduce hearing time and therefore costs. Conversely, a poorly prepared bundle wastes court time and may attract judicial criticism.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I bring a TOLATA claim as a litigant in person?

Yes. There is no requirement to be legally represented in TOLATA proceedings. The Part 8 procedure is more straightforward than Part 7 and is navigable by a well-prepared litigant in person. However, TOLATA involves complex trust law principles, and the consequences of getting it wrong can be significant. If you cannot afford a solicitor for the entire case, consider "unbundled" legal services—paying a solicitor to draft your claim form and witness statement while you handle the rest yourself.

What is the court fee for a TOLATA claim?

The court fee for issuing a Part 8 claim form is £387 in the County Court or £663 in the High Court (GOV.UK EX50, updated 13 July 2026). Additional fees may be payable for interim applications (£321 on notice; £126 by consent or without notice) and the hearing fee (varies by track). Fee exemption or remission is available for those on qualifying benefits or with a low household income. Check the HMCTS fee schedule for current fees.

Which court should I issue in?

TOLATA claims may be issued in the County Court or the High Court (Chancery Division; from 1 October 2026 the 'Business and Property Division': SI 2026/723). TOLATA claims are not specialist Business and Property Courts work unless combined with other specialist claims, and may not generally be issued in the Chancery Division unless they raise points of particular novelty or complexity; high value alone is not a good reason (PD 57AA; Chancery Guide paras 27.6, 27.8–27.9). Issue in the County Court unless those criteria apply.

How long does a TOLATA Part 8 claim take from issue to final hearing?

Timescales and costs vary with the court's listing and the complexity of the case, whether the claim is transferred to Part 7, and whether interim applications delay the proceedings.

What happens if the defendant raises factual disputes?

If the defendant's evidence reveals a substantial dispute of fact, the court may order the claim to continue as if it had been brought under Part 7 (CPR r.8.1(4)). This means Particulars of Claim and a Defence will need to be filed, standard disclosure may be ordered, and the case will proceed to a trial with oral evidence and cross-examination. This increases both the time and cost of the proceedings.

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This article is for general information only and does not constitute legal advice. Court procedures and fees are subject to change. You should seek independent legal advice and check the current Civil Procedure Rules before issuing proceedings.

Sources:

• Civil Procedure Rules Part 8
• Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996
• HM Land Registry Practice Guide 24 (1 June 2026)
• HMCTS Court Fees
• CPR rule 39.5 and Practice Direction 32 (para 27: trial bundles)
• Law Commission Report on Cohabitation (2007)
• HMCTS Form Finder

Related reading

• Evidence Needed for a TOLATA Claim
• How to Prove Beneficial Interest in Property
• TOLATA Costs: What to Expect

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